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<title>InterPlanetary File System</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">InterPlanetary File System</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">InterPlanetary File System</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Original author(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Juan Benet and Protocol Labs<sup id="cite_ref-ambercase_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ambercase-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Protocol_Labs" title="Protocol Labs">Protocol Labs</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">February 2015<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">y</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-ambercase_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ambercase-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">0.36.0<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-520be4c2d008a62c13b054f8cb74dead085d02e2-v20_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-520be4c2d008a62c13b054f8cb74dead085d02e2-v20-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

/ 14 July 2025<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">14 July 2025</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/ipfs/ipfs">github<wbr>.com<wbr>/ipfs<wbr>/ipfs</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><b>Protocol implementations</b>: <a href="Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a> (reference implementation), <a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> (obsolete),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></li><li><b>Client libraries</b>: Go, <a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, JavaScript, Python, Scala, Haskell, Swift, Common Lisp, Rust, Ruby, PHP, C#, Erlang</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Available in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a>, <a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, <a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="Communications_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications protocol">Protocol</a>,</li><li><a href="Distributed_file_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed file system">distributed file system</a>,</li><li><a href="Content_delivery_network" title="Content delivery network">content delivery network</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="MIT_license" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT license">MIT license</a>, <a href="Apache_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache license">Apache license</a> 2.0</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipfs.tech/">ipfs.tech</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="File_sharing" title="File sharing">File sharing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Technologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="File_hosting_service" class="mw-redirect" title="File hosting service">File hosting services</a></li>

<li><a href="Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">Online video platform</a></li>

<li><a href="Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li>

<li><a href="Peer-to-peer_web_hosting" title="Peer-to-peer web hosting">Web hosting</a></li>

<li><a href="WebRTC" title="WebRTC">WebRTC</a></li>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Video on demand sites</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="123Movies" title="123Movies">123Movies</a></li>

<li><a href="Dailymotion" title="Dailymotion">Dailymotion</a></li>

<li><a href="PeerTube" title="PeerTube">PeerTube</a></li>

<li><a href="Putlocker" title="Putlocker">Putlocker</a></li>

<li><a href="YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">BitTorrent sites</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<li><a href="BTDigg" title="BTDigg">BTDigg</a></li>

<li><a href="Demonoid" title="Demonoid">Demonoid</a></li>

<li><a href="ExtraTorrent" title="ExtraTorrent">ExtraTorrent</a></li>

<li><a href="IsoHunt" title="IsoHunt">isoHunt</a></li>

<li><a href="FitGirl_Repacks" title="FitGirl Repacks">FitGirl Repacks</a></li>

<li><a href="KickassTorrents" title="KickassTorrents">KickassTorrents</a></li>

<li><a href="Nyaa_Torrents" title="Nyaa Torrents">Nyaa Torrents</a></li>

<li><a href="RARBG" title="RARBG">RARBG</a></li>

<li><a href="Rutracker.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutracker.org">Rutracker.org</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamil_Rockers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Rockers">Tamil Rockers</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Pirate_Bay" title="The Pirate Bay">The Pirate Bay</a></li>

<li><a href="YourBittorrent" title="YourBittorrent">YourBittorrent</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Academic/scholarly</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Anna's_Archive" title="Anna's Archive">Anna's Archive</a></li>

<li><a href="ICanHazPDF" title="ICanHazPDF">ICanHazPDF</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_Genesis" title="Library Genesis">Library Genesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Shadow_library" title="Shadow library">Shadow library</a></li>

<li><a href="Z-Library" title="Z-Library">Z-Library</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">File sharing networks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="BitTorrent" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent</a></li>

<li><a href="Direct_Connect_(file_sharing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct Connect (file sharing)">Direct Connect</a></li>

<li><a href="EDonkey_network" title="EDonkey network">eDonkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Gnutella" title="Gnutella">Gnutella</a></li>

<li><a href="Gnutella2" title="Gnutella2">Gnutella2</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyphanet" title="Hyphanet">Hyphanet</a></li>

<li><a href="Soulseek" title="Soulseek">Soulseek</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">P2P clients</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="BitComet" title="BitComet">BitComet</a></li>

<li><a href="EMule" title="EMule">eMule</a></li>

<li><a href="Filetopia" title="Filetopia">Filetopia</a></li>

<li><a href="%CE%9CTorrent" title="ΜTorrent">μTorrent</a></li>

<li><a href="OnionShare" title="OnionShare">OnionShare</a></li>

<li><a href="QBittorrent" title="QBittorrent">qBittorrent</a></li>

<li><a href="Shareaza" title="Shareaza">Shareaza</a></li>

<li><a href="Transmission_(BitTorrent_client)" title="Transmission (BitTorrent client)">Transmission</a></li>

<li><a href="Tribler" title="Tribler">Tribler</a></li>

<li><a href="WinMX" title="WinMX">WinMX</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Streaming programs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Butter_Project" title="Butter Project">Butter Project</a></li>

<li><a href="Popcorn_Time" title="Popcorn Time">Popcorn Time</a></li>

<li><a href="Torrents-Time" title="Torrents-Time">Torrents-Time</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Anonymous file sharing</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Anonymous_P2P" title="Anonymous P2P">Anonymous P2P</a></li>

<li><a href="Darknet_(networking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Darknet (networking)">Darknet</a></li>

<li><a href="Friend-to-friend" title="Friend-to-friend">Friend-to-friend</a></li>

<li><a href="Private_peer-to-peer" title="Private peer-to-peer">Private P2P</a></li>

<li><a href="Proxy_server" title="Proxy server">Proxy server</a></li>

<li><a href="Seedbox" title="Seedbox">Seedbox</a></li>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Development and societal aspects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_file_sharing" title="Timeline of file sharing">Timeline</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_aspects_of_file_sharing" title="Legal aspects of file sharing">Legality</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_issues_with_BitTorrent" title="Legal issues with BitTorrent">BitTorrent issues</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By country or region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="File_sharing_in_Canada" title="File sharing in Canada">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="File_sharing_in_Japan" title="File sharing in Japan">Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="File_sharing_in_Singapore" title="File sharing in Singapore">Singapore</a></li>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Comparisons</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_BitTorrent_clients" title="Comparison of BitTorrent clients">Comparison of BitTorrent clients</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_BitTorrent_sites" title="Comparison of BitTorrent sites">Comparison of BitTorrent sites</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_eDonkey_software" title="Comparison of eDonkey software">Comparison of eDonkey software</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_Internet_Relay_Chat_clients" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of Internet Relay Chat clients">Comparison of Internet Relay Chat clients</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_Usenet_newsreaders" title="Comparison of Usenet newsreaders">Comparison of Usenet newsreaders</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<p>The <b>InterPlanetary File System</b> (<b>IPFS</b>) is a <a href="Communications_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications protocol">protocol</a>, <a href="Hypermedia" title="Hypermedia">hypermedia</a> and <a href="File_sharing" title="File sharing">file sharing</a> <a href="Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</a> network for sharing data using a <a href="Distributed_hash_table" title="Distributed hash table">distributed hash table</a> to store provider information. By using <a href="Content-addressable_storage" title="Content-addressable storage">content addressing</a>, IPFS uniquely identifies each file in a <a href="Namespace" title="Namespace">global namespace</a> that connects IPFS <a href="Host_(network)" title="Host (network)">hosts</a>, creating a distributed system of file storage and sharing.<sup id="cite_ref-wired20160620_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired20160620-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In contrast to traditional location-based protocols like <a href="HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> and <a href="HTTPS" title="HTTPS">HTTPS</a>, IPFS uses content-based addressing to provide a decentralized alternative for distributing the <a href="World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wired20160620_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired20160620-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2></div>

<p>The InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) is a decentralized protocol, hypermedia, and peer-to-peer (P2P) network for distributed file storage and sharing. By using content-addressing, IPFS uniquely identifies files in a global namespace that interlinks IPFS hosts, creating a hypermedia system that enables efficient and reliable data distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-Krishnan_2020_41–58_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krishnan_2020_41–58-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>IPFS allows users to host and receive content in a manner similar to <a href="BitTorrent" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent</a>. As opposed to a centrally located server, IPFS is built around a decentralized system of user-operators who hold a portion of the overall data, creating a resilient system of file storage and sharing. Any user in the network can serve a file by its content address, and other peers in the network can find and request that content from any node who has it using a <a href="Distributed_hash_table" title="Distributed hash table">distributed hash table</a> (DHT). In contrast to BitTorrent, IPFS aims to create a single global network. This means that if two users publish a block of data with the same <a href="Cryptographic_hash_function" title="Cryptographic hash function">hash</a>, the peers downloading content from one user will also exchange data with those downloading it from the second.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Key features of IPFS include:

</p>

<ul><li>Content-addressed file storage: Each file is uniquely identified based on its content hash, ensuring data integrity and facilitating efficient retrieval.</li>

<li>Peer-to-peer architecture: A distributed network of nodes facilitates direct file sharing without the need for centralized servers.</li>

<li>Versioned file system: Supports file versioning and allows users to track changes over time.</li>

<li>Interoperability with distributed applications: IPFS seamlessly integrates with decentralized applications (dApps), offering a robust storage layer for <a href="Blockchain" title="Blockchain">blockchain</a> and <a href="Web3" title="Web3">Web3</a> ecosystems.</li></ul>

<p>IPFS aims to replace protocols used for static webpage delivery by using gateways that are accessible with <a href="Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">HTTP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Users may choose not to install an IPFS client on their device and instead use a public gateway. A list of these gateways is maintained on the IPFS GitHub page.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>IPFS was created by Juan Benet, who later founded <a href="Protocol_Labs" title="Protocol Labs">Protocol Labs</a> in May 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-wired20160620_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired20160620-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alpha version was launched in February 2015, and by October of the same year was described by <a href="TechCrunch" title="TechCrunch">TechCrunch</a> as "quickly spreading by word of mouth."<sup id="cite_ref-ambercase_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ambercase-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

Network service provider <a href="Cloudflare" title="Cloudflare">Cloudflare</a> started using IPFS in 2018 and launched its own gateway in the system in 2022.

</p><p>In March 2020, the <a href="Opera_(web_browser)" title="Opera (web browser)">Opera browser</a> provided access to the centralized resources of the <a href="Unstoppable_Domains" title="Unstoppable Domains">Unstoppable Domains</a> provider by hosting content in IPFS.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Filecoin" title="Filecoin">Filecoin</a> is an IPFS-based <a href="Cooperative_storage_cloud" title="Cooperative storage cloud">cooperative storage cloud</a>, also authored by Protocol Labs.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>The <a href="Shadow_library" title="Shadow library">shadow libraries</a> <a href="Anna's_Archive" title="Anna's Archive">Anna's Archive</a> and <a href="Library_Genesis" title="Library Genesis">Library Genesis</a> host books via IPFS.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>The <a href="Brave_(web_browser)" title="Brave (web browser)">Brave</a> browser added support in 2021,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however support for local nodes and the ipfs:// scheme was removed in 2024 due to low usage and lack of support.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-censorship">Anti-censorship</h3></div>

<ul><li>The <a href="2017_Catalan_independence_referendum" title="2017 Catalan independence referendum">Catalan independence referendum</a>, taking place in September–October 2017, was deemed illegal by the <a href="Constitutional_Court_of_Spain" title="Constitutional Court of Spain">Constitutional Court of Spain</a> and many related websites were blocked. Subsequently, the <a href="Pirate_Party_of_Catalonia" title="Pirate Party of Catalonia">Catalan Pirate Party</a> mirrored the website on IPFS to bypass the <a href="High_Court_of_Justice_of_Catalonia" title="High Court of Justice of Catalonia">High Court of Justice of Catalonia</a> order of blocking.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>During the <a href="Block_of_Wikipedia_in_Turkey" title="Block of Wikipedia in Turkey">block of Wikipedia in Turkey</a>, IPFS was used to create a mirror of Wikipedia, which allowed access to archived static Wikipedia content despite the ban.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mirror has now been expanded to more languages, such as <a href="English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>, <a href="Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, and <a href="Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>. A collection of the mirrors can be viewed by using its CID at an IPFS Gateway.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malware">Malware</h3></div>

<p><a href="Phishing" title="Phishing">Phishing</a> attacks have also been distributed through <a href="Cloudflare" title="Cloudflare">Cloudflare</a>'s IPFS gateway since July 2018. The phishing scam HTML is stored on IPFS, and displayed via Cloudflare's gateway. The connection shows as secure via a Cloudflare <a href="Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">TLS</a> certificate.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The IPStorm <a href="Botnet" title="Botnet">botnet</a>, first detected in June 2019, uses IPFS so it can hide its command-and-control amongst the flow of legitimate data on the IPFS network.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Security researchers had worked out previously the theoretical possibility of using IPFS as a botnet command-and-control system.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

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<ul><li><a href="Content-addressable_storage" title="Content-addressable storage">Content-addressable storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Dat_(software)" title="Dat (software)">Dat (software)</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_file_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed file system">Distributed file system</a></li>

<li><a href="Freenet" class="mw-redirect" title="Freenet">Freenet</a></li>

<li><a href="GNUnet" title="GNUnet">GNUnet</a></li>

<li><a href="ZeroNet" title="ZeroNet">ZeroNet</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPorter2021" class="citation web cs1">Porter, Jon (2021-01-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2021/1/19/22238334/brave-browser-ipfs-peer-to-peer-decentralized-transfer-protocol-http-nodes">"Brave browser takes step toward enabling a decentralized web"</a>. <i><a href="The_Verge" title="The Verge">The Verge</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210226170457/https://www.theverge.com/2021/1/19/22238334/brave-browser-ipfs-peer-to-peer-decentralized-transfer-protocol-http-nodes">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-29</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/brave/brave-browser/issues/37735">"Deprecate local node support and ipfs:// scheme · Issue #37735 · brave/brave-browser"</a>. <i>GitHub</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-01</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBalcell2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Balcell, Marta Poblet (2017-10-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurekastreet.com.au/article/inside-catalonia-s-cypherpunk-referendum">"Inside Catalonia's cypherpunk referendum"</a>. <i><a href="Eureka_Street_(magazine)" title="Eureka Street (magazine)">Eureka Street</a></i>. Vol. 27, no. 20. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7724">1833-7724</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210915035537/https://www.eurekastreet.com.au/article/inside-catalonia-s-cypherpunk-referendum">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-15</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHill2017" class="citation news cs1">Hill, Paul (2017-09-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.neowin.net/news/catalan-referendum-app-removed-from-google-play-store">"Catalan referendum app removed from Google Play Store"</a>. <i><a href="Neowin" title="Neowin">Neowin</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101023421/https://www.neowin.net/news/catalan-referendum-app-removed-from-google-play-store">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-06</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDale2017" class="citation news cs1">Dale, Brady (2017-05-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observer.com/2017/05/turkey-wikipedia-ipfs/">"Turkey Can't Block This Copy of Wikipedia"</a>. <i><a href="The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">Observer</a></i>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1052-2948">1052-2948</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018092720/http://observer.com/2017/05/turkey-wikipedia-ipfs/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-10-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-20</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAbrams2018" class="citation web cs1">Abrams, Lawrence (2018-10-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/phishing-attacks-distributed-through-cloudflares-ipfs-gateway/">"Phishing Attacks Distributed Through Cloudflare's IPFS Gateway"</a>. <i><a href="Bleeping_Computer" title="Bleeping Computer">Bleeping Computer</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191009125848/https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/phishing-attacks-distributed-through-cloudflares-ipfs-gateway/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-31</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2019" class="citation web cs1">Palmer, Danny (2019-06-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/this-unusual-windows-malware-is-controlled-via-a-p2p-network/">"This unusual Windows malware is controlled via a P2P network"</a>. <i><a href="ZDNet" class="mw-redirect" title="ZDNet">ZDNet</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190906223819/https://www.zdnet.com/article/this-unusual-windows-malware-is-controlled-via-a-p2p-network/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-09-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-31</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPatsakisCasino2019" class="citation journal cs1">Patsakis, Constantinos; Casino, Fran (2019-06-04). "Hydras and IPFS: a decentralised playground for malware". <i>International Journal of Information Security</i>. <b>18</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">787–</span>799. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.11880">1905.11880</a></span>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10207-019-00443-0">10.1007/s10207-019-00443-0</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:167217444">167217444</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMacabeusViniciusCavalcantede_Souza2018" class="citation conference cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Macabeus, Bruno; Vinicius, Marcus; Cavalcante, João Paolo; de Souza, Cidcley Teixeira (2018-05-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sol.sbc.org.br/index.php/wscdc/article/view/2400/2364"><i>Protocolos IPFS e IPNS como meio para o controle de botnet: prova de conceito</i></a>. Workshop de Segurança Cibernética em Dispositivos Conectados (in Brazilian Portuguese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210117104344/https://sol.sbc.org.br/index.php/wscdc/article/view/2400/2364">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-01-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-27</span></span> – via SBC Open Lib.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipfs.tech/">Official website</a></span></span></li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Peer-to-peer_file_sharing199" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Peer-to-peer_file_sharing199" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Peer-to-peer_file_sharing" title="Peer-to-peer file sharing">Peer-to-peer file sharing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_network" title="Computer network">Networks</a>,<br><a href="Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">protocols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centralized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Direct_Connect_(protocol)" title="Direct Connect (protocol)">Direct Connect</a></li>

<li><a href="Soribada" title="Soribada">Soribada</a></li>

<li><a href="Soulseek" title="Soulseek">Soulseek</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decentralized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="BitTorrent" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent</a></li>

<li><a href="EDonkey_network" title="EDonkey network">eDonkey</a></li>

<li><a href="FastTrack" title="FastTrack">FastTrack</a></li>

<li><a href="Fopnu" class="mw-redirect" title="Fopnu">Fopnu</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyphanet" title="Hyphanet">Hyphanet</a></li>

<li><a href="GNUnet" title="GNUnet">GNUnet</a></li>

<li><a href="Gnutella" title="Gnutella">Gnutella</a></li>

<li><a href="Gnutella2" title="Gnutella2">Gnutella2</a></li>

<li><a href="GiFT#OpenFT_protocol" title="GiFT">OpenFT</a></li>

<li><a href="OnionShare" title="OnionShare">OnionShare</a></li>

<li><a href="Perfect_Dark_(P2P)" title="Perfect Dark (P2P)">Perfect Dark</a></li>

<li><a href="Retroshare" title="Retroshare">Retroshare</a></li>

<li><a href="Share_(P2P)" title="Share (P2P)">Share</a></li>

<li><a href="Tribler" title="Tribler">Tribler</a></li>

<li><a href="WebTorrent" title="WebTorrent">WebTorrent</a></li>

<li><a href="WinMX" title="WinMX">WinMX</a></li>

<li><a href="Winny" title="Winny">Winny</a></li>

<li><a href="ZeroNet" title="ZeroNet">ZeroNet</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Audiogalaxy" title="Audiogalaxy">Audiogalaxy</a></li>

<li><a href="CuteMX" title="CuteMX">CuteMX</a></li>

<li><a href="Hotline_Communications" title="Hotline Communications">Hotline</a></li>

<li><a href="Kazaa" title="Kazaa">Kazaa</a></li>

<li><a href="LimeWire" title="LimeWire">LimeWire</a></li>

<li><a href="Morpheus_(file-sharing_software)" title="Morpheus (file-sharing software)">Morpheus</a></li>

<li><a href="Napster" title="Napster">Napster</a></li>

<li><a href="Scour_Inc." title="Scour Inc.">Scour</a></li>

<li><a href="Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li>

<li><a href="WASTE" title="WASTE">WASTE</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparisons<br>of <a href="Client_(computing)" title="Client (computing)">clients</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_ADC_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of ADC Software">Advanced Direct Connect</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_BitTorrent_clients" title="Comparison of BitTorrent clients">BitTorrent</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_Direct_Connect_software" title="Comparison of Direct Connect software">Direct Connect</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_eDonkey_software" title="Comparison of eDonkey software">eDonkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Gnutella#Gnutella_features" title="Gnutella">Gnutella</a></li>

<li><a href="Gnutella2#Comparison" title="Gnutella2">Gnutella2</a></li>

<li><a href="WebTorrent" title="WebTorrent">WebTorrent</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hyperlinks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Magnet_URI_scheme" title="Magnet URI scheme">Magnet</a></li>

<li><a href="Metalink" title="Metalink">Metalink</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Backup" title="Backup">Backup</a></li>

<li><a href="Broadcatching" title="Broadcatching">Broadcatching</a></li>

<li><a href="Shared_resource" title="Shared resource">Disk sharing</a></li>

<li><a href="Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">Game and video sharing</a></li>

<li><a href="Image_sharing" title="Image sharing">Image sharing</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_download" title="Music download">Music sharing</a></li>

<li><a href="Peercasting" title="Peercasting">Peercasting</a></li>

<li><a href="Seedbox" title="Seedbox">Seedboxes</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharing#In_computer_and_Internet_culture" title="Sharing">Sharing software</a></li>

<li><a href="Peer-to-peer_web_hosting" title="Peer-to-peer web hosting">Web hosting</a> (<a href="Freenet" class="mw-redirect" title="Freenet">Freesite</a>, , <a href="ZeroNet" title="ZeroNet">ZeroNet</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Legal_aspects_of_file_sharing" title="Legal aspects of file sharing">Legal aspects</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Privacy44" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Privacy_in_file_sharing_networks" title="Privacy in file sharing networks">Privacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anonymous_P2P" title="Anonymous P2P">Anonymous P2P</a></li>

<li><a href="Darknet" title="Darknet">Darknet</a></li>

<li><a href="Darkweb" class="mw-redirect" title="Darkweb">Darkweb</a></li>

<li><a href="Friend-to-friend" title="Friend-to-friend">Friend-to-friend</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_music_model" title="Open music model">Open music model</a></li>

<li><a href="Private_P2P" class="mw-redirect" title="Private P2P">Private P2P</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal<br>technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Distributed_hash_table" title="Distributed hash table">Distributed hash table</a></li>

<li><a href="Merkle_tree" title="Merkle tree">Merkle tree</a></li>

<li><a href="NAT_traversal" title="NAT traversal">NAT traversal</a></li>

<li><a href="Peer_exchange" title="Peer exchange">Peer exchange</a></li>

<li><a href="BitTorrent_protocol_encryption" title="BitTorrent protocol encryption">BitTorrent protocol encryption</a></li>

<li><a href="Super-seeding" title="Super-seeding">Super-seeding</a></li>

<li><a href="BitTorrent_tracker" title="BitTorrent tracker">BitTorrent tracker</a></li>

<li><a href="UDP_hole_punching" title="UDP hole punching">UDP hole punching</a></li>

<li><a href="Micro_Transport_Protocol" title="Micro Transport Protocol">Micro Transport Protocol</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-06" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=InterPlanetary_File_System&oldid=1304576967">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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